Law (LAW)

LAW 3101. Introduction to Legal Studies 1: Law and Legal Reasoning. (4 Hours)

Introduces the American legal system and legal reasoning. Covers rights and obligations created by contracts, fundamental principles of property law, accident law, the regulation of criminal conduct, and the laws associated with business formation and relationships.

LAW 3102. Introduction to Legal Studies 2: Statutes and Regulations. (4 Hours)

Introduces statutes and regulations. Covers federal administrative agencies governing employment, consumer protection, environment, labor, cyberlaw, intellectual property, and international trade. Requires students to find, summarize, apply, and argue about the applicability of statutes and regulations in concrete situations.

LAW 3120. Introduction to Law and Strategy. (4 Hours)

Introduces the implications and impact of law on business strategy. Emphasizes applying legal knowledge and resources to strategic planning and strategy implementation. Uses several examples of strategies to provide opportunities for students to identify the legal environment and to consider the legal rights and requirements implicated by relevant law or regulation. Examples consider law and strategy implementation in multiple contexts. Focuses on developing an appreciation of the legal environment and making effective use of legal resources and lawyers as advisors in strategic management.

Prerequisite(s): (BUSN 4945 with a minimum grade of C or COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3946 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3947 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2945 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2948 with a minimum grade of S ); LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C

LAW 3130. Introduction to Negotiation and Advocacy. (4 Hours)

Introduces core principles and practices of negotiations: negotiation planning from opposing sides and counseling, analysis of the bargaining range and opponent’s needs, principled concession patterns, problem-solving strategies to avoid deadlock, information bargaining and authority clarification, principles of drafting, settlement, and ethics.

Prerequisite(s): (BUSN 4945 with a minimum grade of C or COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3946 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3947 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2945 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2948 with a minimum grade of S ); LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C

LAW 3140. Data Regulation and Compliance. (4 Hours)

Builds on LAW 3102. Covers the challenges facing organizations in building programs that ensure adherence with legal obligations, especially regarding data. Explores statutes covering a broad range of areas, especially involving data protection and privacy.

Prerequisite(s): (BUSN 4945 with a minimum grade of C or COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3946 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3947 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2945 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2948 with a minimum grade of S ); LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C

LAW 3150. Introduction to Law and Organizational Management. (3 Hours)

Introduces the rules governing organizations, including corporations, partnerships, governmental organizations, and nonprofits. Emphasizes relationships within organizations and powers of members of organizations. Covers employment issues relevant to relationships in organizations. Topics include rights of workers to be free of discrimination in the workplace, the importance of workplace rules, and policies governing the workplace.

Prerequisite(s): (BUSN 4945 with a minimum grade of C or COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3946 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3947 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2945 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2948 with a minimum grade of S ); LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C

LAW 3160. Introduction to International Regulations and Business Strategies. (3 Hours)

Introduces the international legal concepts, principles, and institutions that define and shape international business relations. Explores international monetary systems and legal infrastructures facilitating and regulating transnational trade, international finance and global intellectual property, and investment protection. Examines case studies of global governance based on codes of practice, certification, and other regulatory initiatives.

Prerequisite(s): (BUSN 4945 with a minimum grade of C or COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3946 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3947 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2945 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2948 with a minimum grade of S ); LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C

LAW 3170. Introduction to Financial Transactions. (3 Hours)

Explores various legal aspects of corporate financial transactions, including vendor and supplier contracts, early stage financing, commercial loans, initial public offerings, mergers, and the sale of assets. Covers issues involving valuation of assets. Offers students an opportunity to learn basic securities laws related to the transactions covered.

Prerequisite(s): (BUSN 4945 with a minimum grade of C or COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3946 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3947 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2945 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2948 with a minimum grade of S ); LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C

LAW 3181. Introduction to Healthcare Compliance. (3 Hours)

Explores regulatory issues related to the healthcare field including issues in the areas of HIPAA, fraud, and abuse. Topics include Medicare, corporate organizations, and integrated delivery systems. Focuses on compliance programs, including compliance operations.

Prerequisite(s): (BUSN 4945 with a minimum grade of C or COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3946 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3947 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2945 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2948 with a minimum grade of S ); LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C

LAW 3182. Introduction to Patient Records, Privacy, Security. (3 Hours)

Introduces ethical and legal obligations applicable to patient records. Reviews HIPAA’s privacy and security rules. Covers professional ethics related to confidentiality, common law and state protections for confidentiality, 42 CFR Part 2, and the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act.

Prerequisite(s): (BUSN 4945 with a minimum grade of C or COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3946 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3947 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2945 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2948 with a minimum grade of S ); LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C

LAW 3210. Introduction to Employee Rights and Employer Obligations. (3 Hours)

Examines the legal relationship between employer and employee. Addresses discrimination, affirmative action, the Americans with Disabilities Act, sexual harassment, health and safety, AIDS in the workplace, compliance issues, and legal issues related to downsizing and terminations. Specific issues and topics covered may vary from term to term.

Prerequisite(s): (BUSN 4945 with a minimum grade of C or COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3946 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3947 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2945 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2948 with a minimum grade of S ); LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C

LAW 3211. Introduction to Antidiscrimination Law. (3 Hours)

Introduces antidiscrimination laws governing the workplace. Focuses on discrimination based on race and sex but also considers characteristics such as age, sexual orientation, and disability. Examines topics such as retaliation, harassment, and bullying in the workplace.

Prerequisite(s): (BUSN 4945 with a minimum grade of C or COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3946 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3947 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2945 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2948 with a minimum grade of S ); LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C

LAW 3212. Introduction to Wages and Benefits. (3 Hours)

Introduces laws and regulations that determine the rights and duties of employees and employers as they relate to wages and employment benefits. Topics may include wage and hour laws, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (pensions), job-protected leaves, health insurance benefits, the Affordable Care Act, disability insurance, and unemployment benefits. Focuses primarily on federal law but also discusses state law and rights expanded under a union collective bargaining agreement.

Prerequisite(s): (BUSN 4945 with a minimum grade of C or COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3946 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3947 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2945 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2948 with a minimum grade of S ); LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C

LAW 3232. Introduction to Intellectual Property and Media. (3 Hours)

Introduces copyrights, trademarks, and unfair competition. Focuses on media, advertising, user-generated content, and other online activities.

Prerequisite(s): (BUSN 4945 with a minimum grade of C or COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3946 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3947 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2945 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2948 with a minimum grade of S ); LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C

LAW 3235. Issues in Law and Public Policy. (4 Hours)

Illustrates the roles of courts, agencies, legislatures, citizen movements, and nonprofit organizations in law and policy through case studies. Explores how businesses and advocacy groups use legal tools and other approaches to achieve their goals. Considers how law can be used to right past wrongs and how grassroots activities can fight injustice. Focuses on a range of issues.

Prerequisite(s): (BUSN 4945 with a minimum grade of C or COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3946 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3947 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2945 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2948 with a minimum grade of S ); LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C

LAW 3236. Introduction to Contract Drafting. (3 Hours)

Introduces the drafting of contracts. Dissects and examines contracts encountered in business relationships. Evaluates, explores, and interprets drafting style, techniques, and decisions in varied contexts. Class exercises are designed to help students draft and analyze contracts of increasing complexity.

Prerequisite(s): (BUSN 4945 with a minimum grade of C or COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3946 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3947 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2945 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2948 with a minimum grade of S ); LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C

LAW 3238. Introduction to Global Regulation of Artificial Intelligence. (3 Hours)

Examines regulation of artificial intelligence technologies on a global scale by introducing the legal, ethical, and policy challenges posed by AI's rapid advancement. Through readings, case studies, debates, and interactive discussions, considers various regulatory approaches, international collaborations, geopolitical significances, and potential future directions of AI governance.

Prerequisite(s): (BUSN 4945 with a minimum grade of C or COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3946 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3947 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2945 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2948 with a minimum grade of S ); LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C

LAW 3239. Introduction to Sports Law, Business, and Society. (3 Hours)

Examines the legal, business, and social structures that intersect with professional, collegiate, and amateur sports in the United States. Explores intellectual property law, labor law, antitrust law, employment law, agency law, constitutional law, broadcasting law, and private association law in relationship to the sports industry. Covers topics such as the business applications of the sports industry and the industry’s relationship to antidiscrimination laws concerning race, sex, national origin, and other protected classes. Debates underlying principles to rethink the ethical boundaries that surround the sports industry.

Prerequisite(s): (BUSN 4945 with a minimum grade of C or COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3946 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3947 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2945 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2948 with a minimum grade of S ); LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C

LAW 3320. Introduction to Intellectual Property. (3 Hours)

Introduces the classic principles of copyright, patent, trademark, and trade secret law. Explores the ways in which those principles are shifting and adapting in response to new technology. Studies the law of intellectual property from the perspectives of creators and users.

Prerequisite(s): (BUSN 4945 with a minimum grade of C or COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3946 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3947 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2945 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2948 with a minimum grade of S ); LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C

LAW 3321. Introduction to Identifying and Securing Intellectual Property Rights. (3 Hours)

Introduces intellectual property issues in employment, collaborative environments, and business transactions. Covers common issues for founders and startups, employers, and contractors, including noncompete agreements, crowdsourcing, and open innovation practices.

Prerequisite(s): (BUSN 4945 with a minimum grade of C or COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3946 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3947 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2945 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2948 with a minimum grade of S ); LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C

LAW 3800. Reflections on Law. (1 Hour)

Offers students an opportunity to reflect on legal issues discussed in a law course in which they are concurrently enrolled. Through activities such as written reflections, discussions, and presentations, students closely examine legal topics and consider their broader implications. Explores how law shapes endeavors in students' areas of interest. May be repeated once.

Prerequisite(s): (BUSN 4945 with a minimum grade of C or COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3946 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3947 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2945 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2948 with a minimum grade of S ); LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C

LAW 3801. Writing on Legal Issues. (1 Hour)

Offers students an opportunity to further explore legal issues discussed in a law course in which they are concurrently enrolled. Writing assignments are designed to enable students to learn more about topics in their areas of interest while also honing communication skills. May be repeated once.

Prerequisite(s): (BUSN 4945 with a minimum grade of C or COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3946 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3947 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2945 with a minimum grade of S or EEBA 2948 with a minimum grade of S ); LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C

LAW 4335. Health Law and Policy. (4 Hours)

Examines the legal regulation of the provision of healthcare services. Focuses on the relationship between law and healthcare policy. Topics include access to health insurance and healthcare; healthcare financing; malpractice liability; the organization and responsibility of healthcare institutions, especially hospitals; the regulation of the quality of care; and the formulation of health policy.

Prerequisite(s): (COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S ); (LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C )

LAW 4369. Advanced Intellectual Property. (3 Hours)

Explores the classic principles of copyright, patent, trademark, and trade secret law and how those principles are shifting and adapting in response to new technology. In our modern day "information economy," the law of intellectual property has taken on enormous importance to both creators and users of intellectual creations.

Prerequisite(s): (COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S ); (LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C )

LAW 4501. Patent Law and Practice. (3 Hours)

Offers an in-depth review of patent law and practice. Covers the administrative process for obtaining patents, including the requirements for patentability, enforcement of patent rights, and the defense of patent infringement suits. Presents the content of the course in a simple, nontechnical manner so that students of all disciplines have an opportunity to learn and understand the concepts.

Prerequisite(s): (COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S ); (LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C )

LAW 4525. Law and Economic Development. (3 Hours)

Examines prevailing theories of and strategies for economic development and the legal and institutional frameworks devised to implement these strategies. Considers what kinds of legal and institutional arrangements best facilitate economic growth, how law structures and shapes markets, what “development” is and how it can best be measured, and whether legal instruments can be used effectively to address underdevelopment in a structural way. Focuses on development in the so-called developing world while exploring some strategies for addressing development in a local community context. Analyzes several development case studies posing particular problems in specific regions and contexts.

Prerequisite(s): (COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S ); (LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C )

LAW 4600. Issues in Health Law and Policy. (3 Hours)

Examines recent debates in health law and policy by discussing current events; legislation and/or regulation; and scholarly articles and commentaries in law, medicine, and other related disciplines. Topics depend in part on student interest but may include healthcare financing reform; public health; health disparities; reproductive care; health information; health technologies; artificial intelligence; malpractice liability reform; pharmaceutical pricing and promotion; and other issues related to healthcare access, quality, and financing.

Prerequisite(s): (COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S ); (LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C )

LAW 4635. Legal Empowerment and Applied Design. (4 Hours)

Offers students an opportunity to critically engage with design methods and principles in the development of legal solutions in support of a future world where everyone is empowered to use the law. Examines methodologies derived from the fields of product, service, and critical design in a seminar setting. Emphasizes hands-on student engagement with structured creative processes, including field observations and prototyping. Students apply these methodologies and skills in the formulation of a response to a timely design question.

Prerequisite(s): (COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S ); (LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C )

LAW 4640. Issues in Information Security Law. (3 Hours)

Examines the state of the legal art in information security law—what is known in DC policy circles as cybersecurity. Discusses why data breaches continue to run rampant, what duties of data care and code safety are owed to consumers, and how various government agencies are tackling the consumer protection and national security issues implicated by vulnerable computer code.

Prerequisite(s): (COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S ); (LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C )

LAW 4664. Law and Inequality. (3 Hours)

Explores inequality from a range of disciplinary perspectives and the difference it can make in a variety of legal, social, and economic contexts. Elaborates methodologies for mapping ways diverse legal regimes and concepts contribute to the production, recognition, reinforcement, and maintenance of hierarchies of privilege and disadvantage between individuals, groups, localities, regions, and nations. Identifies key legal drivers in the production of inequities and explores how they shift bargaining power, redistribute resources, or otherwise ameliorate inequities or their adverse consequences.

Prerequisite(s): (COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S ); (LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C )

LAW 4700. Intellectual Property and Social Justice. (3 Hours)

Examines the social justice aspects of different forms of intellectual property. Combines a study of contemporary issues in law and society with appropriate readings that provide theoretical, doctrinal, and social context for the use of and resistance to intellectual property.

Prerequisite(s): (COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S ); (LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C ); (LAW 4369 (may be taken concurrently) with a minimum grade of C or LAW 4501 (may be taken concurrently) with a minimum grade of C )

LAW 4983. Special Topics in Law. (1-4 Hours)

Covers special topics in law. May be repeated twice for a maximum of 6 semester hours.

Prerequisite(s): (COOP 3945 with a minimum grade of S or COOP 3948 with a minimum grade of S ); (LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C )

LAW 4992. Directed Study. (1-4 Hours)

Offers independent work on a chosen topic under the direction of a faculty member. Course content depends on instructor. May be repeated once for a maximum of 8 semester hours.

Prerequisite(s): LAW 3101 with a minimum grade of C ; LAW 3102 with a minimum grade of C

LAW 6100. Civil Procedure. (5 Hours)

Introduces the procedural rules that courts in the United States use to handle civil disputes. Focuses on the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure as well as federal statutes and constitutional provisions relating to the process of litigation. Covers topics such as federalism, processes of litigation, advocacy, and methods of dispute resolution.

LAW 6101. Constitutional Law. (4 Hours)

Studies the techniques of constitutional interpretation and some of the principal themes of constitutional law: federalism, separation of powers, public vs. private spheres, equality theory, and rights analysis.

Attribute(s): NUpath Societies/Institutions

LAW 6102. Contracts. (5 Hours)

This course examines the legal concepts governing consensual and promissory relationships, with emphasis on the historical development and institutional implementation of contract theory, its relationship and continuing adaptation to the needs and practice of commerce, and its serviceability in a variety of non-commercial contexts. Topics covered include contract formation, the doctrine of consideration, remedies for breach of contracts, modification of contract rights resulting from such factors as fraud, mistake and unforeseen circumstances, and the modern adaptation of contract law to consumer problems. This course also introduces students to the analysis of a complex statute: the Uniform Commercial Code.

LAW 6103. Criminal Justice. (4 Hours)

In this course, students are introduced to the fundamental principles that guide the development, interpretation and analysis of the law of crimes. They are also exposed to the statutory texts—primarily the Model Penal Code, but also state statutes. In addition, students are introduced to the rules and principles used to apportion blame and responsibility in the criminal justice system. Finally, students examine the limits and potential of law as an instrument of social control.

LAW 6105. Property. (4 Hours)

This course covers the major doctrines in American property law, including trespass, servitudes, estates in land and future interests, landlord-tenant relationships, nuisance, and takings. Students are introduced to rules, policies, and current controversies.

LAW 6106. Torts. (4 Hours)

Presents an overview of the law of civil (meaning noncriminal) liability. Focuses on intentional torts such as assault and battery, the law of negligence, and strict liability regimes. Explores common law and common-law reasoning, and compares the common law as a tool for preventing injury and compensating for loss with public law (statutory and regulatory) approaches.

LAW 6160. Legal Skills in Social Context: Foundations of Social Justice Project. (2 Hours)

Introduces concepts of social justice lawyering, including critical theories of law, project management, and teamwork. Develops students’ ability to think critically about the historical context of law, the impact of law on vulnerable communities, and the role of law and lawyers in advancing justice. Students use their legal research and writing skills in a social justice context by working in teams on a year-long project with a community-based or other public interest organization addressing an issue of social justice concern. Provides a foundational understanding of the project’s social and historical context as well as the fundamentals of teamwork.

LAW 6161. Legal Skills in Social Context: Social Justice Project. (2 Hours)

Examines how to use law to assist underrepresented populations and furthers students’ development of legal skills. Drawing on their understanding of social and historical context and their legal research, writing, and project management skills, students create deliverables for a partner organization’s use. Offers students an opportunity to further develop digital presentation and oral communication skills through a multi-media presentation.

Prerequisite(s): LAW 6160 with a minimum grade of CR or LAW 6160 with a minimum grade of CR

LAW 6165. Legal Skills in Social Context: Foundations of Legal Research and Writing. (2 Hours)

Introduces fundamental principles of legal analysis, objective legal writing, and legal research, with an emphasis on fostering a critical analytical mindset with which to interpret and apply legal doctrines, both orally and in writing. Builds foundational legal skills through continuous feedback on a series of assignments that require researching and drafting predictive legal documents.

LAW 6166. Legal Skills in Social Context: Legal Research and Writing. (2 Hours)

Offers students an opportunity to further hone their legal skills in other contexts, including persuasive advocacy and client counseling. Students research and draft documents to various audiences, including clients and courts, and participate in oral argument.Requires students to continue to develop previously acquired research, writing, and analytical skills in order to address more complex legal issues.

Prerequisite(s): LAW 6165 with a minimum grade of CR or LAW 6165 with a minimum grade of CR

LAW 6301. Introduction to American Law and Legal Institutions. (2 Hours)

This course is a general introduction to the American legal system for graduates of law programs outside the United States. The focus will be on the distinctive features of the American system, including how the U.S. common-law system differs from the civil-law system in place in most other countries. The three branches of government, federalism, the federal-state relationship, the constitutional protection of individual rights, civil and criminal procedure, and statutory and regulatory law will all be discussed.

LAW 6302. Introduction to Legal Research and Writing for LLM Students. (2 Hours)

This course introduces graduates of law programs outside the United States to the principles of U.S. legal discourse and to the basics of manual and electronic U.S. legal research. Students will have an opportunity to practice researching complex questions of U.S. law and writing memoranda based on their research.

LAW 6313. Introduction to the Law of Contracts. (3 Hours)

This course is designed to provide international LLM students with an introduction to U.S. contract law, with a special focus upon contracts for the sale of goods. Topics may include formation of contracts, contract interpretation, performance, and breach, remedies, and Articles 1 and 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code. This course is especially recommended for LLM students who wish to take a U.S. bar exam. This course is not open to JD students.

LAW 6314. Introduction to U.S. Constitutional Law. (3 Hours)

Introduces international LLM students to U.S. constitutional law. Recommended for LLM students who wish to take a U.S. bar exam. Topics may include judicial review, separation of powers, federalism, equal protection, state action, due process and fundamental rights, and the First Amendment.

LAW 6315. Legal Research and Writing for LLM Students: Preparing for Co-op. (2 Hours)

Introduces graduates of law programs outside the United States to the practical application of U.S. legal discourse and legal research in the workplace. Offers students an opportunity to apply what they have learned about U.S. legal writing and research to the types of tasks that they will be called upon to complete during their co-op internship work experience.

Prerequisite(s): LAW 6302 with a minimum grade of MP

LAW 6316. Introduction to Civil Procedure. (3 Hours)

Introduces international LLM students to U.S. civil procedure. Topics include personal and subject-matter jurisdiction, pleadings, discovery, choice of law (the Erie doctrine), finality and preclusion, and class actions. Emphasizes the practical application of civil procedure law. Especially recommended for LLM students who wish to take a U.S. bar exam. Not open to JD students.

LAW 6400. Introduction to U.S. Law and Legal System. (3 Hours)

Introduces principles and structures of the legal system in the United States. Covers the U.S. system of government, the U.S. judicial systems at the federal and state levels, U.S. sources of law, common law methodology, and the roles of legal professionals. Designed to familiarize the student with the relevant and governing legal principles that are used in U.S. jurisprudence, including substantive and procedural law. Emphasizes legal terminology in our contemporary legal system.

LAW 6401. Contracts. (3 Hours)

Surveys the application of contract law in various contexts with case law, relevant portions of the Uniform Commercial Code, the Restatements, and treatises. Introduces students to practical issues in contract law theories and doctrines. Explores the bases of contract law, creation and termination rights, problems in contract formation, contract interpretation theories, and damages.

LAW 6402. Torts. (3 Hours)

Offers students an opportunity to obtain a thorough working knowledge of the key concepts of tort law in the United States. Covers issues related to intentional torts and negligence and the defenses that relate to tort claims.

LAW 6403. Constitutional Law. (3 Hours)

Presents a broad overview of constitutional law. Emphasizes the subjects of federalism, judicial review, due process, and individual rights.

LAW 6404. Civil Procedure. (3 Hours)

Examines the procedural aspects of civil disputes in the United States under both state and federal systems, as well as the court systems and processes of bringing and defending cases. Studies the unique U.S. process of the discovery of evidence, including depositions and document production.

LAW 6405. Professional Responsibility. (3 Hours)

Examines the rules that regulate the legal profession including the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct; the ABA Model Code of Judicial Conduct; the California Rules of Professional Conduct; relevant sections of the California Business and Professions Code; and leading case law, both federal and state, on the subject. Offers students an opportunity to gain a thorough understanding of the topics covered on the Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination including lawyer advertising; solicitation of clients; specialization; conflicts of interest; competence; legal malpractice; fees; confidentiality; and obligations to clients, the court, and society. Students apply applicable ethics rules to identify and resolve ethical problems within the practice of law.

LAW 6406. Criminal Law. (3 Hours)

Covers both federal and state criminal law in the United States. Reviews the entire time frame of a crime, from commission through prosecution and possible imprisonment. Examines multiple types of crime, including white-collar crime, as well as procedural rules of criminal cases. Covers provisions of the Bill of Rights that regulate the government’s pursuit, prosecution, and punishment of criminal defendants, with emphasis on the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution.

LAW 6962. Elective. (1-4 Hours)

Offers elective credit for courses taken at other academic institutions. May be repeated without limit.

LAW 7000. Copyright. (3 Hours)

Surveys the domestic and international laws and policies of copyright law, with a secondary emphasis on related areas of law such as rights of publicity, unfair competition, and contractual protection of ideas in varying degrees. Covers copyright, ownership and transfer of copyrights, the rights afforded to copyright owners in the United States and via international treaties and conventions, duration of protection, infringement, and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and remedies. Includes guest speakers who are involved in cutting-edge issues in copyright, which allows students to hear directly from and start networking with practitioners and others involved in copyright law.

LAW 7003. International Sales and Commercial Arbitration. (3 Hours)

Examines the laws and commercial rules governing international sales of goods and the law and practice of international commercial arbitration. Course topics include the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and the rules of private international law that address gaps in the CISG.

LAW 7004. Trademark. (3 Hours)

Examines the precepts of trademark and unfair competition law. Investigates issues of ownership, registration, misappropriation, infringement, and dilution in the context of words, phrases, symbols, slogans, product design, and trade dress. Explores related issues such as false and comparative advertising, rights of publicity, and parody and free speech.

LAW 7005. Mergers and Acquisitions. (3 Hours)

Explores legal issues related to corporate mergers and acquisitions. Covers acquisition structures and mechanics, shareholder voting and appraisal rights, board fiduciary duties, federal securities law requirements, anti-takeover defenses, accounting and tax issues, and antitrust considerations.

LAW 7006. Secured Transactions. (3 Hours)

Examines the rules governing transactions in which personal property and fixtures are used as collateral to secure an obligation. The primary source of authority is Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code but also introduces other applicable laws, including primarily the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. This body of law addresses not only the rights of the debtor and creditor inter se but also the rights of third parties with an interest in the collateral.

LAW 7009. Intellectual Property and Technology Law. (3 Hours)

Explores the interplay between intellectual property law and evolving technology. In particular, focuses on the challenges faced by courts when applying intellectual property laws to technology not in existence at the time the laws were passed and on the policy issues raised by such challenges.

LAW 7010. Insurance Law. (3 Hours)

Introduces students to the principles governing the creation, sale, and enforcement of the most common forms of insurance in the United States. Explores personal liability, professional liability, commercial general liability, homeowner's, automobile, life and casualty, and health insurance. Discusses the peculiarities of each line as well as the problems common to all lines: moral hazard, adverse selection, and outright fraud. Covers the social function of insurance, as well as historical anomalies, in order to give students the broadest possible exposure to the issues lawyers confront regularly in this area of practice.

LAW 7012. Introduction to Business Organizations. (2 Hours)

Examines the structure and operation of business organizations in the United States. Examines agency law (which applies to all business entities) and then focuses on general partnerships, Offers students an opportunity to obtain basic foundational knowledge of business organizations for later study of advanced topics.

LAW 7013. International Securities Regulation. (2 Hours)

Examines international securities regulation related to business organizations. Topics include the regulation of individuals and businesses that operate outside the United States and cooperative relationships between the Securities and Exchange Commission and regulators from other countries.

Prerequisite(s): LAW 7012 (may be taken concurrently) with a minimum grade of C- or LAW 7012 (may be taken concurrently) with a minimum grade of C- or LAW 7323 with a minimum grade of MP or LAW 7323 with a minimum grade of MP

LAW 7014. Modern Privacy Challenges. (3 Hours)

Examines existing and proposed laws relating to evolving concepts of privacy and confidentiality in various sectors of society, including business, healthcare, and the home. Topics include the historical framework for privacy regulation, types of privacy, issues arising in the home and workplace, issues related to personal autonomy, state laws affecting privacy and confidentiality, contractual provisions related to privacy, and the impacts of new technology.

LAW 7015. Law, Technology, and Economic Development. (3 Hours)

Explains the basics of transaction costs and market failures which arise in banking and financial systems, particularly in developing countries. Explains how technological innovations can potentially ameliorate these problems but then create their own. Assists students in developing laws and policies to address these problems and better use technology to support the economic and social development of emerging economies.

LAW 7300. Administrative Law. (3 Hours)

Introduces the legal doctrines designed to empower and constrain government agencies and officials in their daily practice of governance. Topics include the constitutional status of administrative agencies, due process, the Administrative Procedure Act, and the availability and standards of judicial review of agency actions. Emphasizes the historical evolution of the modern administrative state and the regulatory agency’s role in our system of governance.

LAW 7301. Advanced Criminal Procedure: Adjudication. (3 Hours)

Examines the procedural requirements and protections in the prosecution and defense of criminal cases in state and federal courts. Investigates how the law fashions the adjudicatory process and evaluates what is “fair” and “just” in the process. Covers right to counsel, pretrial detention, discovery, plea bargaining, trial processes, and sentencing, among other topics.

LAW 7303. Antitrust. (3 Hours)

Examines federal antitrust laws, which were created to break apart the powerful business “trusts” of the late 1800s and have since been applied to markets as diverse as utilities, ski areas, sports leagues, copy machine repair services, and computer hardware and software. Explores the core principles of antitrust law, emphasizing three substantive areas: monopolization, horizontal merger analysis, and agreements among competitors. Offers students an opportunity to develop an understanding of antitrust law doctrine in the current economic context and its overlaps with other branches of economic law.

LAW 7313. Secured Transactions. (3 Hours)

Surveys commercial lending transactions, with particular emphasis on Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code, consumer legislation, relationship to real estate mortgage law, lawyer's relationship to bankruptcy problems, fraudulent conveyances, and federal tax liens. Examines the legal framework governing secured and unsecured lending. Explores creditor rights, debtor protections, and priority disputes in commercial lending contexts. Analyzes the role of legal counsel in structuring transactions, conducting due diligence, and addressing potential complications in lending arrangements.

LAW 7323. Corporations. (4 Hours)

Studies the formation, financial structure, and governance of business enterprises, especially incorporated businesses. Explores partnerships, limited partnerships, limited liability companies, and limited liability partnerships, principally as they compare to the corporate form. Covers rights of creditors to hold principals of the enterprise liable; distribution of control within the corporation; fiduciary duties of directors and officers; key aspects of the federal securities laws (including the regulation of insider trading and proxies); organic changes (such as mergers); shifts in control (such as takeovers and freeze-outs); and legal implications of the roles of corporations in society. Introduces some of the specialized concepts explored in detail in courses on securities regulation and corporate finance.

LAW 7324. Securities Regulation. (3 Hours)

Surveys major issues in the registration of initial public offerings under the Securities Act of 1933 and relevant provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, civil liability provisions, and the major exemptions from registration. These regulations must now adapt to the changes and challenges of the 21st century. Engages students in detailed statutory analysis, as well as analysis of judicial and administrative decisions. Raises important public policy issues such as market democracy and the role of regulation, disclosure policy with regard to corporate accountability and social responsibility, and the implications of internet disclosure.

LAW 7329. Environmental Law. (3 Hours)

Focuses on federal and state environmental laws. Topics include pollution control, waste management, and cleanup of contaminated land and water. Explores legislative policy and regulatory decisions as well as enforcement issues. Emphasizes questions of environmental justice and the strategic use of legal tools in working to ensure safe and healthy surroundings for diverse groups of people.

LAW 7331. Estate Planning. (3 Hours)

Presents the three strands that make up the discipline of estate planning. Introduces key elements of relevant law: property; creditor/debtor; wills, estates, and trusts; estate and gift tax; trust income taxation; and a touch of public benefits. Next, covers the tools and key components of an estate plan such as wills, trusts, asset titling, and death beneficiary designations. These strands are then woven together with and applied to real-world, frequently encountered situations using classroom hypotheticals to study sound practice management, ethical considerations, blended family issues, and a mindset that plans for the knowable unknowns (e.g., not all potential beneficiaries may be healthy in the future, financially secure, still living, or even born yet).

LAW 7332. Evidence. (4 Hours)

Examines how courtroom lawyers use the evidence rules to present their cases—notably, rules regarding relevance, hearsay, impeachment, character, and experts. Emphasizes the “problem” method—that is, applying the provisions of the Federal Rules of Evidence to concrete courtroom situations. Explores theoretical issues as a way to deepen the student’s appreciation of how the evidence rules can and ought to be used in litigation.

LAW 7333. Family Law. (3 Hours)

Studies the key legal doctrines of the family law system in the United States. Explores regulation of intimate relationships including marriage, divorce, and the economics of dissolution. Examines the legal concept of the family, parental rights and responsibilities, custody, support, dependency, and the best interests of the child. Considers variations in state laws regulating families and the intersection of family law with other areas of law such as tax, immigration, and administrative law.

LAW 7335. Health Law. (3,4 Hours)

Examines the legal regulation of the provision of healthcare services. Focuses on the relationship between law and healthcare policy. Topics include access to health insurance and healthcare; healthcare financing; malpractice liability; the organization and responsibility of healthcare institutions, especially hospitals; the regulation of the quality of care; and the formulation of health policy. With permission of instructor, students may be able to take the course for an additional credit by completing a substantial paper or equivalent writing project (in addition to other course requirements) as required by the instructor.

LAW 7336. Immigration Law. (3 Hours)

Presents an overview of U.S. immigration law. Focuses on the day-to-day practice of immigration law, including the substantive and procedural aspects of this practice. Offers a historical perspective on changes in immigration laws and policies. Covers nonimmigrant and immigrant classifications, the preference system for immigrants, grounds of inadmissibility and deportability, relief from removal, asylum, citizenship, administrative and judicial review, and the immigration consequences of crimes.

LAW 7338. International Law. (3 Hours)

Introduces fundamental concepts and unresolved problems in international law. Discusses historical and contemporary theoretical debates about the roles and utility of international law. Covers the sources of international law and methods of international dispute resolution in domestic and international fora. Explores the part that international law has played (or failed to play) in the prevention or conduct of war, the promotion of human rights, and international economic development.

LAW 7350. Negotiation. (3 Hours)

Engages students in simulated disputes and transactions, which are then debriefed in class. Utilizing frequent in-class mini-negotiations and major simulations, focuses on negotiation planning; case preparation and evaluation; client counseling and informed client consent; analysis of the bargaining range and principled concession patterns; competitive, cooperative, and problem-solving strategies; information bargaining; ethics; and critiques of negotiation patterns and institutions. Requires students to turn in preparation materials and to keep weekly journals, reviewed by the instructor, addressing their experiences in, and thoughts about, negotiations. Encourages students to internalize habits of analysis, prediction, preparation, and flexibility and to become more self-evaluative for their future negotiating experiences.

LAW 7351. Prisoners' Rights Clinic. (8 Hours)

Focuses on the law and procedures of parole, commutation, and prisons in Massachusetts. Involves representation of incarcerated people who are serving life-with-parole sentences at their parole release hearings or life-without-parole sentences at commutation hearings. These are public hearings conducted before the seven-member Parole Board or, in the case of commutation hearings, the Advisory Board of Pardons. Provides hands-on experience in criminal law and procedure, sentencing law, probation, prison classification and disciplinary systems, and often immigration law. Offers students an opportunity to develop and refine important advocacy skills including interviewing and counseling, case strategy development, thorough investigation techniques, witness preparation, and making strong opening and closing statements. Includes a seminar class, individualized supervision meetings, and direct casework.

LAW 7358. Social Welfare Law. (3 Hours)

Examines U.S. public assistance as a legal institution. Reviews the historical, sociological, and juridical roots of the welfare system. Examines the laws governing major assistance programs, especially eligibility requirements, rules governing grant determination, work and family rules, and procedural rights. Emphasizes statutory and regulatory construction. Explores methods by which lawyers can deal with the system: advocacy in the administrative process, litigation, legislative reform, and representation of recipient organizations.

LAW 7369. Intellectual Property. (3,4 Hours)

Introduces the classic principles of copyright, patent, trademark, and trade secret law and explores the ways in which those principles are shifting and adapting in response to new technology. In our modern-day "information economy," the law of intellectual property has taken on enormous importance to both creators and users of intellectual creations. With permission of instructor, students may be able to take the course for an additional credit by completing a substantial paper or equivalent writing project (in addition to other course requirements) as required by the instructor.

LAW 7377. Trusts and Estates. (4 Hours)

Covers all aspects of inheritance─intestacy, wills, common modern will substitutes, trusts, and future interests─focusing on rights of spouses and children, charitable interests, fiduciary duty, and other issues. Emphasizes the practical. Requires students to write numerous short exercises—including analysis, planning advice, and formal drafting—to address realistic problems.

LAW 7394. Land Use. (3 Hours)

Surveys legal doctrines, techniques, and institutions relating to regulation of the use of real property. Covers constitutional questions of takings by public agencies, the scope of the police power as it affects land use, and the basic techniques of zoning and subdivision control. Studies, among other issues, recent cases on exclusion of low-income housing, current techniques to encourage housing development (inclusionary or “linkage” regulations), and First Amendment questions arising from land use controls.

LAW 7398. Federal Courts and the Federal System. (4 Hours)

Studies the distribution of power between the states and the federal government and between the federal courts and other branches of the federal government as manifested in jurisdictional rules of the federal courts. Covers the structure and operation of the U.S. federal courts and the structures and doctrines that control what the Constitution calls “the judicial power of the United States.” Emphasizes the procedures and remedies involved in federal court claims against government officials at the national, state, and local levels.

LAW 7410. Domestic Violence Clinic. (8 Hours)

Offers students an opportunity to represent survivors in family and domestic violence-based immigration law matters using a holistic, client-centered approach. Facilitates the development of traditional lawyering skills through interviewing and counseling clients and preparing and presenting cases in family and district courts in the Greater Boston area. Supports participation in a broader community-based response to domestic violence through training and advocacy with community organizations, medical providers, law enforcement, and court personnel.

Prerequisite(s): LAW 7332 (may be taken concurrently) with a minimum grade of MP or LAW 7332 (may be taken concurrently) with a minimum grade of MP

LAW 7417. Entertainment Law. (3 Hours)

Examines legal issues in entertainment law. Explores how law and industry norms shape practices and outcomes in motion pictures, television, music, publishing, interactive digital media, and other creative industries. Topics may include rights of privacy and publicity, copyright law, trademark law, misappropriation of ideas, life rights, defamation, advertising and endorsement, constitutional issues, representation, insurance, labor and employment, and contracts.

LAW 7424. Labor Law 1. (4 Hours)

Introduces the law of labor relations by examining the National Labor Relations Act and leading cases, in conjunction with historical, social, and economic materials. Topics include employee organization, union recognition, unfair labor practices, and collective bargaining.

LAW 7428. State and Local Government. (3 Hours)

Introduces the workings of state and local governments and the roles of law and of lawyers in shaping and controlling their operation. Covers the sources and scope of state and of local lawmaking authority, intergovernmental relationships, modes of citizen participation in and control over the governing process, and state and municipal fiscal structure and operations. Focuses on the practical roles played by attorneys (employed inside or outside of government) in the governmental processes and on the place of decentralized governmental units within the vision of a democratic polity.

LAW 7429. Labor Law 2. (3 Hours)

Focuses on the law of the collective bargaining agreement. Compares collective bargaining rights to other workplace rights systems, such as individual statutory entitlement and public employee constitutional rights.

LAW 7443. Professional Responsibility. (3 Hours)

Focuses on the legal, ethical, and professional dilemmas encountered by lawyers. While not designed specifically to prepare students for the Model Professional Responsibility Examination, focuses on the American Bar Association’s Model Rules of Professional Conduct. Examines the social, economic, and political history of the profession and its current role in achieving social justice.

LAW 7448. Employment Discrimination. (3 Hours)

Explores the development of employment discrimination law, focusing on Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and its historical context and evolution. Analyzes issues including antidiscrimination laws, employee rights, employer responsibilities, and employment at will. Surveys landmark court decisions, legislative reforms, and policy developments in this ever-changing area of law and its ongoing impact on workplace practices and societal norms.

LAW 7449. Alternative Dispute Resolution. (3 Hours)

Introduces the theory and practice of various dispute resolution mechanisms that are alternatives to the traditional litigation model for resolving disputes. Begins with the foundation of most ADR processes: negotiation. Analyzes negotiation theory and strategy before adding mediation and collaborative law to the mix. Explores how to represent clients in negotiation, mediation, and collaborative law; how to prepare for these processes; and how to develop effective strategies. Focuses on understanding the essential attributes of arbitration during the final weeks of the course.

LAW 7454. U.S. Legal Research. (2 Hours)

Designed to prepare law students for research in practice, clerkships, and legal scholarship. Explores how to evaluate legal research sources and use them effectively, expand skills in primary and secondary U.S. legal sources, become aware of nonlegal information resources that could be useful to legal practice, and presents an overview of public international law and foreign legal research. Since learning legal research requires a hands-on approach, requires students to complete assignments and in-class exercises. Emphasizes cost-effective research, including print and internet sources. The topics covered in this survey course vary from year to year and may include immigration law, tax law, business law, environmental law, and cultural property law, among others.

LAW 7475. First Amendment. (3 Hours)

Examines several rights protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution. Focuses on the principles and processes developed by the judiciary to protect various forms of speech, expression, and association. Emphasizes integrating doctrine with the core values of the First Amendment, as well as the need for students to develop their own preferred approach to protecting free expression. The course does not, except tangentially, deal with the establishment clause or other parts of the Bill of Rights, such as the free exercise of religion.

LAW 7479. Basic Income Taxation. (4 Hours)

Covers the fundamental concepts and operations in income taxation. Raises tax issues in the context of typical lawyer-client situations: the employment contract (fringe benefits, employee business expenses), buying and selling a house and other property, personal injury expenses and recoveries, and running a small business. Emphasizes understanding the economic policy objectives and unintended results of specific tax provisions, such as capital gains taxation. Focuses on the statute, cases, and administrative law that define the income tax base. Examines tax rates and tax unit issues for individual wage earners, married couples, children living in the home, pensioners, and small businesses organized as sole proprietorships.

LAW 7488. Sexuality, Gender, and the Law. (3 Hours)

Uses case law and theory to address doctrinal problems and justice concerns associated with gender and sexuality. The syllabus is organized around ideas such as privacy, identity, and consent, all of which are conceptual pillars upon which arguments in the domain of sexuality and gender typically rely. Doctrinal topics include same-sex marriage, sodomy, sexual harassment, discrimination, among others, but the course is not a doctrinal survey; it is a critical inquiry into key concepts that cut across doctrinal areas. Expects students to write a paper and share some of what they have learned with the class.

LAW 7491. International Human Rights and the Global Economy. (3 Hours)

Surveys the international human rights legal system. Includes the promotion and protection of economic, social, and cultural rights (such as rights to health, food, water, and education) and civil and political rights (such as equality and nondiscrimination, the right to human security, the prohibition on torture, and rights to religious and cultural expression). Examines the history and theoretical origins of human rights law. Then engages the legal framework under international and regional human rights treaties and interpretations of them by international, regional, and domestic courts and other actors. Explores international, regional, and domestic mechanisms for monitoring compliance. Grapples with tensions among cultural and religious imperatives and traditional human rights.

LAW 7494. Bioethics and the Law. (3 Hours)

Explores the intersection of law, medicine, and ethics in diverse contexts that call for the evaluation of policies and practices implicating individual or public health. Analyzes the tensions between legal and ethical frameworks and considers how to address them. Focuses on bioethical and legal approaches in areas that may include end-of-life care, gender-affirming care, reproductive care, race-based differential outcomes in healthcare, and care of disabled patients, among other areas.

LAW 7495. Advanced Criminal Procedure: Investigation. (3 Hours)

Examines the law governing police behavior, primarily by examining the constitutional doctrines of the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments that regulate law enforcement action. Topics may include search and seizure, stop and frisk, electronic surveillance, probable cause, warrants and their exceptions, police use of force, custodial interrogation, eyewitness identification procedures, and exclusionary remedies. Considers policy questions about the regulation, democratic accountability, and scope of police activity in the United States today.

LAW 7501. Patent Law. (3 Hours)

Offers an in-depth review of patent law and practice. Covers the administrative process for obtaining patents including the requirements for patentability, enforcement of patent rights, and the defense of patent infringement suits. Presented in a simple, nontechnical manner so that students of all disciplines have an opportunity to learn and understand the concepts.

LAW 7503. Business Bankruptcy. (3 Hours)

Studies business reorganization under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code, the objective of which is to allow the debtor to modify and restructure its debt so that it can continue to operate its business. Covers matters that typically arise in a Chapter 11 case such as the automatic stay, modification of debt, rejecting contracts, postbankruptcy financing, creditors, claims, management of the debtor, and the plan of reorganization. Addresses topical issues such as employee rights, retiree benefits, and mass tort claims, including asbestos and environmental claims.

LAW 7512. Problems in Public Health Law. (3 Hours)

Explores the rationales for using law to protect and preserve the public’s health, the legal tools that may be used to achieve that end, and the conflicts and problems that may result from legal interventions. Discusses the use of law to reduce the spread of HIV and other infectious diseases, control of tobacco and other hazardous products, bioterrorism, and the threats to civil liberties and minority groups engendered by all such legal efforts. This course is highly recommended for all students enrolled in the JD/MPH dual degree program but is open to other students as well.

LAW 7514. Natural Resources Law. (3 Hours)

Addresses legal requirements and institutions dealing with animal and plant species, biological resources, habitats, and ecosystems. Major themes include biological diversity; endangered and threatened species; public and private rights in migratory resources; public trust doctrine; the allocation of power among federal, state, and local governments; and the roles of administrative agencies in ecosystem management. Offers students an opportunity to explore specific topics of interest such as environmental ethics; wetlands protection; fisheries law; Native American hunting rights and fishing rights; and management of national parks, forests, and grazing lands.

LAW 7516. Legal Writing Workshop. (3 Hours)

Focuses on strengthening and expanding writing and analytical skills through assignments and exercises that involve objective, advisory, and/or persuasive writing. Reviews essential skills of effective legal writing while simultaneously exposing students to the myriad documents that lawyers draft in practice. Asks students to draft an array of legal documents, which may include office memoranda, client letters, demand letters, jury instructions, pleadings, and/or trial or appellate briefs. Writing completed for this course that satisfies the upper-level writing requirement may be used to fulfill that requirement.

LAW 7525. Law and Economic Development. (3,4 Hours)

Examines prevailing economic theories of and strategies for economic development and the legal and institutional frameworks devised to implement these strategies. Considers what kinds of legal and institutional arrangements best facilitate economic growth, how law structures and shapes markets, what “development” is and how it can best be measured, and whether legal instruments can be used effectively to address underdevelopment in a structural way. Focuses on development in the so-called developing world while also exploring some strategies for addressing development in a local community context. Addresses several development case studies posing particular problems in specific regions and contexts. With permission of instructor, students may register for an additional credit by completing a substantial paper (in addition to other course requirements) as required by the instructor.

LAW 7526. Juvenile Courts: Delinquency, Abuse, Neglect. (3 Hours)

Examines the evolution of the juvenile court system and issues related to juvenile justice and child welfare. Includes the study of procedural and substantive principles related to court subject matter including delinquency, youthful offender, status offense, and abuse and neglect jurisdiction. Focusing on connecting theory to practice, employs a contextual lens to consider the larger communities and systems that affect children, families, and public safety and the consequences of decisions and policies in and out of courtrooms. Related topics include adolescent development; racial, ethnic, and gender equity; access to educational and mental health services; and public health.

LAW 7527. Public Health Advocacy Clinic. (4 Hours)

Offers students an opportunity to gain experience in public interest law, health law, and litigation and to use innovative litigation or regulatory approaches to improve public health by working on real-world, clinical public health advocacy projects. Includes demand letters, complaints, class actions, amicus briefs, legislative drafting, preparation of testimony, or submission of comments on issues ranging from tobacco products, e-cigarettes, sports betting, gun violence, occupational safety, unhealthy foods or beverages, and rapid responses to urgent public health developments. Serves clients including the Public Health Advocacy Institute, Center for Public Health Litigation, and Center for Health Policy and Law.

LAW 7530. Education Law. (3 Hours)

Surveys current issues in U.S. education law. Topics may include high-stakes testing, school choice and the charter school movement, resegregation, special education, the school-to-prison pipeline, and school funding.

LAW 7535. Legal Interviewing and Counseling. (2,3 Hours)

Studies the principles of interviewing and counseling: how to interview clients to identify their legal problems and to gather information on which solutions to those problems can be based. Offers students an opportunity to learn how to counsel clients—a process by which, having determined what the client’s legal problems are, the lawyer helps clients make decisions by identifying potential strategies and solutions and their likely positive and negative consequences. Students practice interviewing witnesses, specific interviewing and counseling techniques, and receive feedback from classmates and the instructor.

LAW 7539. Employment Law—Job Security and Rights. (3 Hours)

Surveys legal and policy issues concerning job security, focusing primarily on law governing the termination of private-sector employment. Offers students an opportunity to develop an understanding of the history and scope of the underlying employment-at-will doctrine and the primary ways in which the at-will doctrine has been modified through common law and statute.

LAW 7540. Employment Law—Compensation, Benefits, and Retirement. (3 Hours)

Surveys legal, economic, and social policy issues concerning wages and working time, leave, unemployment insurance, and retirement income. Covers the Fair Labor Standards Act, the Family and Medical Leave Act, and the Unemployment Insurance program. Presents retirement and survivor income under the Social Security Act and pension regulation under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act. Examines problems faced by low-wage workers and women workers as well as tensions between the design of the older, statutory schemes and contemporary trends in business and work organization.

LAW 7550. Refugee and Asylum Law. (3 Hours)

Explores humanitarian relief under the Immigration and Nationality Act including refugee resettlement, asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture. Focuses on U.S. law as it has evolved since passage of the Refugee Act of 1980. Analyzes administrative and judicial case law from the United States and compares relevant international law and standards in other countries. Examines the administrative adjudication system with attention to issues including due process, cross-cultural communication, and trauma-informed lawyering. Discusses policy developments that impact asylum seekers in the United States.

LAW 7553. Basic Income Taxation. (3 Hours)

Covers the fundamental concepts and operations in income taxation. Raises tax issues in the context of typical lawyer-client situations. Emphasizes understanding the economic policy objectives and unintended results of specific tax provisions. Focuses on the statute, cases, and administrative law that define the income tax base. Examines tax rates and tax unit issues for multiple types of taxpayers.

LAW 7556. Corporate Finance. (3 Hours)

Explores corporate finance, which considers sources of funding and capital structure of corporations, as well as decisions managers make to increase the value of a firm. Introduces tools and methods used to evaluate projects and to allocate limited financial resources, as well as considerations regarding capital structure. Covers valuation concepts including present and future value computations, discount rates, net present value, the efficient capital markets hypothesis, relationship between risk and return, capital asset pricing model, as well as issues of leverage and capital structure. Examines the characteristics of financial instruments used by firms to raise capital including common stock, preferred stock, and debt instruments. Offers lawyers an opportunity to obtain an ability to understand how business clients make decisions.

LAW 7559. International Trade. (3 Hours)

Introduces the legal framework for U.S. and international regulation of international trade. Includes a brief introduction to the economics of trade and trade restriction measures. Focuses on the World Trade Organization agreements regulating international trade in goods, services, and intellectual property; presents an overview of selected other trade agreements; and examines U.S. trade laws, particularly relief from “unfairly” traded imports, boycotts, and trade sanctions.

LAW 7569. International and Foreign Legal Research. (2 Hours)

Studies how to research international and foreign legal materials. Uses a combination of lectures, hands-on research exercises, and homework assignments. Offers students an opportunity to increase the quality of their research by attaining substantive knowledge on international legal topics and the legal system in which their issue arises; to attain practical skills to brainstorm search terms, formulate issues, and evaluate legal research resources by reiterative process; and to increase their flexibility and confidence in researching international and foreign law topics. Covers U.S. and non–U.S. treaties; international custom; jurisprudence; and documents of the United Nations, the European Union, and NGOs. Explores research in topical areas such as human rights, immigration and refugee laws, and foreign laws.

LAW 7572. Transactional Drafting Seminar. (3 Hours)

Focuses on writing improvement within the context of transactional legal documents. Provides tools to achieve clear and concise writing. Identifies the purpose of each element of a contract and helps students develop language to accomplish that purpose. Offers students an opportunity to draft the operative provisions of a contract to express the agreement of the parties and demonstrates how individual contract provisions work together in a cohesive document. Addresses concepts applicable to a wide range of transactional legal documents, with emphasis on drafting in the context of corporate transactions in areas that may include employment, shareholder rights, and mergers and acquisitions.

LAW 7588. Reproductive Rights, Justice, and Health. (3 Hours)

Introduces topics in reproductive rights and justice. Examines, through an intersectional lens, how laws and policy shape reproductive lives. Addresses legal doctrine, the science of reproduction, and public health research. Critically assesses issues arising from reproductive health law, focusing on a reproductive justice framework that centers social, racial, and economic justice. Topics may include sexual and reproductive health law as it pertains to forced sterilization, contraception, abortion, pregnancy discrimination, birth and maternal mortality, healthcare in prisons, fertility, social welfare programs, and gender-affirming care.

LAW 7597. Civil Rights and Restorative Justice Clinic. (6 Hours)

Introduces investigative research and restorative justice approaches that have brought some measure of redress to families and communities affected by lynching and other forms of racialized violence in the Jim Crow era. Offers students an opportunity to conduct factual investigations by tracking down materials from government repositories, newspaper archives, and court proceedings; collaborating with practicing lawyers, professional archivists, and historians; conducting interviews; and, where feasible, visiting the region where the events took place. Focuses on practical legal research, investigation, and writing skills. Designed to help students integrate the law of torts, civil procedure, federal courts, criminal law, human rights law, and constitutional law.

LAW 7603. International Business Transactions. (3 Hours)

Introduces transnational commercial law. Discusses the legal framework for international sales transactions including the commercial terms of sales agreements, shipping contracts, insurance, financing arrangements, and customs documentation. Examines foreign direct investment transactions, international franchise and distribution agreements, and contracts for the transfer of technology. Includes materials on bribery of foreign officials and liability under U.S. and international rules. Briefly surveys dispute resolution issues, emphasizing choice of law and forum and arbitration.

LAW 7606. Drug Law and Policy. (3 Hours)

Focuses on three domains of the broader subject of drug law: the evolution and current state of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act; the architecture of the drug regulation system in the United States including the distinct space occupied by the Food and Drug Administration, the Department of Agriculture, and the Drug Enforcement Agency; and the role of regulation and tort litigation in harmonizing drug policy with science. Discusses legal and policy case studies.

LAW 7608. American Legal Thought: Traditional and Critical. (3 Hours)

Surveys the intellectual history of U.S. law and practice, focusing on antiformalist and legal realist criticism of Classical Legal Thought (circa 1880 to 1940) and the fallout of that debate up to the present. Draws on students’ personal experience to examine American legal education and professional socialization. Explores whether legal work is a medium in which one can pursue projects oriented toward political and social change.

LAW 7610. Community Business Law Clinic. (8 Hours)

Offers students an opportunity to develop lawyering skills through the real-world transactional representation of underserved community-based small businesses, entrepreneurs, and nonprofit organizations as they build strong legal foundations and create impact. Students take direct ownership of the legal representation and advise their clients on often-complex business legal issues. Includes an intensive seminar and close faculty supervision.

LAW 7612. Wrongful Convictions and Post-Conviction Remedies. (3 Hours)

Analyzes legal and procedural safeguards designed to prevent wrongful convictions. Examines how the emergence of DNA testing has assisted law enforcement in solving crimes while also helping to expose the scale of wrongful convictions in the United States. Explores the primary factors that contribute to the phenomenon of wrongful convictions, the state and federal procedures through which post-conviction claims are litigated, and potential reforms to protect against the conviction of the innocent. Addresses the role of biological evidence, eyewitness identification, false confessions, and forensic science in criminal justice.

LAW 7614. Law Practice Management: Access to Justice. (3 Hours)

Challenges conventional law practice management by exploring means and methods of filling the market gap in the provision of legal services to middle-class clients. Investigates and documents ways to use improved marketing techniques, staffing patterns, technological innovations, and a variety of other tools to provide legal services to underserved portions of the market in a sustainable and economically viable fashion. Requires students to conduct independent research to develop a law firm business plan, exploring a practice area of particular interest to them.

LAW 7619. Healthcare Fraud and Abuse Law. (3 Hours)

Presents an overview of healthcare fraud and abuse laws. Emphasizes the role of whistleblowers, qui tam actions, criminal investigative techniques, trial issues inherent in white-collar criminal prosecutions, innovative resolutions of corporate fraud including compliance programs, and sentencing. Examines the healthcare payment system, the frauds visited on that system, and the interplay of criminal prosecutions with FDA regulation. Prior study of health law is recommended but not required.

LAW 7620. Human Behavior, Legal Doctrine, and Policy Design. (3 Hours)

Compares accounts of human behavior, including the utilitarian/law and economics view of man as a rational calculator of his self-interest, with classical and contemporary alternatives to that description, including behavioral economics. Evaluates the reasons for doubting or crediting these competing accounts and considers their implications for determining appropriate legal doctrines and regulatory approaches. Addresses issues such as whether the views of human behavior that shape consumer protection case law and the Supreme Court's commercial speech doctrine are justified and whether, and in what circumstances, regulations may appropriately seek to help people by prescribing, proscribing, or "nudging" their behavior.

LAW 7622. Whistleblower Law. (2 Hours)

Introduces legal issues related to whistleblowing in areas such as employment, corporate compliance, and anti-fraud law. Focuses on tortlike remedies and monetary rewards available to whistleblowers under the Dodd-Frank, Sarbanes-Oxley, Foreign Corrupt Practices and False Claims Acts, along with protections under tax law, the First Amendment, and common law.

LAW 7624. Advanced Legal and Interdisciplinary Research. (2 Hours)

Studies how to research specialized legal topics, highlighting both legal and nonlegal sources in print and electronic resources. Explores state, federal, and international primary laws and regulations, as well as relevant nonlegal sources and how they interact with the law. Emphasizes different specialized topics such as health law and environmental law. Focuses on developing skills in identifying, accessing, and evaluating specialized legal materials. Uses a combination of lectures; interactive hands-on sessions; real-life examples; and an in-depth, final research and writing project.

LAW 7629. Inside Counsel. (2 Hours)

Examines the role of corporate counsel inside U.S.-based corporations and not-for-profits─ specifically the value proposition of corporate counsel, common responsibilities, unique ethical issues, implications of the Sarbanes-Oxley and Dodd-Frank Acts, corporate governance, risk management, and litigation. Explores how legal departments of corporations represent a significant practice opportunity for lawyers interested in corporate and regulatory law, as these corporate departments operate on a different model than law firms and regulatory agencies and offer careers that combine legal disciplines with business management skills. Prior study of corporate law is preferred but not required.

LAW 7633. Intellectual Property Law Clinic. (8 Hours)

Offers students an opportunity to provide intellectual property legal services to students, ventures, and other participants in the university’s entrepreneurship ecosystem, as well as to individuals and small businesses throughout New England. Students may address issues related to intellectual property rights, risks, and transactions; collaborate with faculty and others on intellectual property learning modules, policies, presentations, or workshops; develop practice skills; and participate in the organization and operation of a legal services office.

Prerequisite(s): LAW 7369 with a minimum grade of MP or LAW 7369 with a minimum grade of MP or LAW 7638 with a minimum grade of MP or LAW 7638 with a minimum grade of MP

LAW 7634. Energy Law and Policy. (3 Hours)

Introduces U.S. energy law and policy with a specific focus on the regulated electricity sector. Explores the dynamics of natural monopoly markets, public utilities and their regulation, and the interplay of state and federal power in the energy space. Examines coal, natural gas, nuclear power, hydropower, renewables, storage, and efficiency for their impacts and potential as electrical energy sources in a carbon-constrained world. Concludes by investigating the legal potential to proactively foster and sustain a transition to a carbon-sustainable energy economy.

LAW 7635. Laboratory Seminar in Applied and Critical Legal Design. (4 Hours)

Offers students an opportunity to critically engage with design methods and principles in the development of new solutions and ideas for our legal systems, institutions, and problems. Examines methodologies derived from the fields of product, service, and critical design. Emphasizes hands-on student engagement with structured creative processes, field observations, prototyping, or other methods derived from a diversity of creative disciplines. Students apply these methodologies and skills in the formulation of a response to a timely design question. Students’ exploration of critical design is intended to foster a vision of a future world where everyone is empowered to use the law.

LAW 7638. Trademark Law. (3 Hours)

Examines the intellectual property right known as a trademark, a distinctive word or symbol that indicates the source of goods or services. Explores how trademark law is part of unfair competition law, which protects against a variety of "deceptive" or "inequitable" business practices. Considers the regulation of trademarks as a way to maintain a fair and efficient marketplace for businesses and consumers. Covers common and statutory law of trademark as well as deepening legal analysis of intellectual property rights. Analyzes how trademarks live and develop in culture so students can draw both on the black-letter law and its nuances, as well as on their experience as consumers, in order to advise clients.

LAW 7640. Information Security Law. (3 Hours)

Introduces information security law, also known as cybersecurity law. Examines data breach notification and the security risks from hackers in consumer products. Discusses why data breaches have proliferated, what duties of data care and code safety are owed to consumers, and how various government agencies are tackling the consumer protection and national security issues implicated by vulnerable computer code.

LAW 7647. Trial Practice. (2 Hours)

Introduces the tactical and strategic problems commonly encountered in the trial of civil and criminal cases. Discusses forensic aspects of trial practice, techniques of direct and cross-examination, and opening and closing summations. Offers students an opportunity to develop their competency in persuasive oral advocacy and courtroom strategy.

Prerequisite(s): LAW 7332 with a minimum grade of MP or LAW 7332 with a minimum grade of MP

LAW 7651. Human Rights in the United States. (3 Hours)

Explores the role of international human rights frameworks and strategies in social justice lawyering in the United States. Explores how lawyers are bringing human rights home on a range of issues by using human rights mechanisms of the United Nations and Inter-American Human Rights System; drawing on international human rights and comparative foreign law in litigation before U.S. courts; and engaging in other human rights-based advocacy such as documentation, organizing, and human rights education. Discusses how a human rights approach provides important strategic leverage and highlights the interdependence of economic, social, cultural, civil, and political rights. Through skills exercises, assignments, and real-world problems, offers students an opportunity to develop practical skills to address policies on local, state, and national levels and to support social movements.

LAW 7652. Strategies for Bar Success. (3 Hours)

Focuses on contextualized substantive review of the most heavily tested topics on the bar. Overlays skill instruction on reading comprehension, issue identification, rule mastery, critical thinking, legal analysis, and recognition of distractor skills. Offers students an opportunity to build a strong conceptual understanding and in-depth knowledge of highly tested doctrines across several multistate bar examination subjects and to obtain training on how to develop, use, and apply a flexible but strong analytics and reasoning framework to solve bar exam problems.

LAW 7656. Legal Research and Writing 2. (3 Hours)

Reviews the foundational skills necessary for effective legal writing, including legal and factual analysis, use of authorities, large- and small-scale organization, concision, citation, grammar and punctuation, and revision. Focuses on building skills through exercises and shorter assignments in order to increase student confidence and improve writing and analytical skills. Students may be asked to draft office memoranda, client letters, and a trial or appellate brief. Writing completed for this course that satisfies the upper-level writing requirement may be used to fulfill that requirement.

LAW 7664. Law and Inequality. (3,4 Hours)

Explores inequality from a range of disciplinary perspectives and the difference that can make in a variety of legal, social, and economic contexts. Elaborates methodologies for mapping ways diverse legal regimes and concepts contribute to the production, recognition, reinforcement, and maintenance of hierarchies of privilege and disadvantage between individuals, groups, localities, regions, and nations. Identifies key legal drivers in the production of inequities and explores how they shift bargaining power, redistribute resources, or otherwise ameliorate inequities or their adverse consequences. Students research a circumstance of inequality and develop a legal map to engage it. With permission of instructor, students may register for an additional credit by completing a substantial paper or equivalent writing project (in addition to other course requirements) as required by the instructor.

LAW 7669. Law and Technology. (3 Hours)

Examines law and technology as both processes and artifacts endemic to human groups, who have been toolmakers and lawmakers since human history has been recorded. Yet, in recent times, development of technological things has outpaced development in the law, bringing about what we might describe as new “design challenges” within the law. Considers several disputes around ownership and property and safety and risk and presents a conceptual framework from the social study of science and technology by which to understand technology and the law. Focuses on the regulation of “digital labor” and algorithmically convened labor markets, such as Uber.

LAW 7672. Data Privacy Compliance. (3 Hours)

Examines comprehensive frameworks governing data privacy and protection across federal, state, and international jurisdictions. Explores constitutional privacy rights; surveillance regulations; national security considerations; and sector-specific compliance requirements including healthcare, financial services, and workplace contexts. Addresses privacy theory foundations and their practical application in compliance strategies. Covers statutory guidance from federal agencies and emerging state privacy legislation. Investigates privacy torts, standing requirements, and data breach response protocols. Analyzes global data protection laws and cross-border compliance challenges. Introduces data broker regulations and workplace privacy considerations. Offers students an opportunity to prepare for professional compliance certification pathways while examining current trends and future developments in data privacy law and regulatory enforcement.

LAW 7673. Immigrant Justice Practicum. (6 Hours)

Offers students an opportunity to investigate, research, analyze, draft, and learn the necessary skills to zealously advocate for clients at various stages of the immigration process. Examines the challenges facing immigrants and how to assist in the representation of noncitizens in a variety of humanitarian-based immigration matters. Examines new regulations, policies, and rules at the immigration court, the asylum office, and other courts and agencies. Explores the U.S. immigration system and historical context for it at a deeper level.

LAW 7675. Information Privacy Law. (3 Hours)

Discusses the legal aspects of collection, use, and disclosure of personal information. Examines the interrelated web of torts, statutes, crimes, contracts, property rules, administrative regulations, procedural rules, and constitutional provisions that implicate information privacy. Covers the difficulty in conceptualizing privacy, justifications for protecting privacy, privacy and the press, conflicts between privacy and free speech, wiretapping and government surveillance, national and international data protection frameworks, privacy and social media, anonymity, and the rules for cross-border data flows.

LAW 7678. Legal Research Workshop. (1 Hour)

Designed to assist students in developing and executing research plans for writing projects. Students identify an appropriate project early in the course, which may be one created specifically for the course or one undertaken for a law review note, a seminar, or an independent study in which the student is concurrently enrolled. Includes readings, lectures, demonstrations, and in-class and homework exercises, as well as peer and instructor feedback focused on research strategies. Requires students to periodically present their research strategies and results for their writing projects.

LAW 7679. Race and the Law. (3 Hours)

Examines the role of the law in creating, perpetuating, and reducing racial inequality in the United States. Interrogates historical and contemporary actions—legal, legislative, and political—and their racial impact. Uses an expansive theoretical lens to examine and critique the persistence of racial disparity and discrimination in structural systems in light of massive legal transformation, especially following the Civil Rights Movement. Explores how the law and legal institutions shape racial identity and how ideas about race shape legal institutions. Considers and critiques approaches used by race scholars to understand the consequences (intended and unintended) of various legal reform projects designed to address racial inequality.

LAW 7681. Law and Biotechnology. (3 Hours)

Seeks to identify and explore important ethical, legal, and policy issues associated with the challenges resulting from developments in biotechnology and the life sciences. Considers the ways in which existing legal approaches and instruments dealing with such critical issues as genetic discrimination, intellectual property rights in biotechnology, regulating new reproductive technologies, drug development, informed consent, responsible conduct of research, forensic uses of DNA, and privacy have been thrown into question. Examines how these developments are reconstituting concepts of legal rights and obligations of people in relation to their governing institutions. Focuses particularly on human genetics.

LAW 7684. Anatomy of Autonomy. (3 Hours)

Examines what it means to be a person in the eyes of the law and the rhetorical framing that infuses our conception of living subjects, legal persons, nonpersons, and things. The line between human and subhuman, or person and thing, is given new urgency when limits of incarceration, torture, human trafficking, medical experimentation, and right to due process turn on new meanings of words like enemy combatant, IQ, underclass, market choice, race, terror, or illegal immigration. Who we consider a person, who we label less than fully endowed, are questions that inform some of the most urgent legal and political questions of our time. Explores legal opinions; historical documents; and texts in philosophy, anthropology, linguistics, literary criticism, and popular culture.

LAW 7692. Collaborative Businesses. (2-3 Hours)

Examines the fundamental principles, structures, finance, management, and governance associated with collaborative businesses (with a focus on co-operatives).

LAW 7693. Business Organizations. (4 Hours)

Exposes students to a broad range of fundamental entity, business, and planning concepts encountered when representing corporations, limited liability companies, and partnership entities. Includes choice of entity, agency law, ethical challenges, and corporate transition planning. Beyond core doctrinal issues, focuses on the practical and analytical challenges of the business planning and client counseling process. Additional topics may include oppression avoidance, controlling shareholder risks, hostile takeover bids, executive compensation, risk management, and more.

LAW 7694. Wills, Trusts, and Estates. (3 Hours)

Covers aspects of inheritance such as intestacy, wills, trusts, and future interests. Focuses on rights of spouses and children, fiduciary duty, and other issues.

LAW 7696. Federal Indian Law. (2 Hours)

Explores the complex legal relations between Native American tribes and federal and state governments, with a particular emphasis on Indigenous voices. Topics include federal, state, and tribal jurisdictional issues; tribal sovereignty; the federal trust responsibility; treaties and broken promises; land and resource management; the concept of “federal recognition” of tribes; and the status of reservations, among others.

LAW 7697. Issues in Human Rights and Humanitarian Law. (3 Hours)

Examines cutting-edge issues in human rights and humanitarian law through presentations by leading scholars in the field and in-depth seminar discussions. Emphasizes both core concepts and sophisticated critiques of human rights in a range of areas including conflict and war, accountability and justice, race and racism, and colonialism and inequality.

LAW 7698. AI for Lawyers: Uses, Risks, and Regulation. (2 Hours)

Introduces law students to the evolving world of artificial intelligence. Designed to prepare law students to enter legal workplaces being rapidly transformed by AI. Presents a broad overview of the technology underlying AI tools. Focuses specifically on generative AI, and examines how the Rules of Professional Conduct govern lawyers’ engagement with AI. Examines the sources and risks of bias and hallucinations in current generative AI, as well as the intentional and unintentional misuse of the technology. Covers current and proposed legislative and regulatory schemes governing development and implementation of AI at the international, federal, and state levels. Offers student teams an opportunity to imagine and propose generative AI tools for self-represented litigants.

LAW 7699. Efforts in Criminal Law Minimalism. (3 Hours)

Examines recent efforts in criminal legal reform including legislative reform, judicial challenges, community organization, and public media campaigns. Introduces modern abolitionist critiques of policing and mass incarceration and some responses. Presents several reforms to change the U.S. criminal legal system including efforts to remove police from particular settings, reforms to pretrial detention, changing the system of public defense, changing the jury selection process/Batson reform, eliminating felony murder, and addressing draconian criminal sentencing.

LAW 7700. Intellectual Property and Social Justice. (3 Hours)

Examines the social justice aspects of different forms of intellectual property. Combines a study of contemporary issues in law and society with appropriate readings that provide theoretical, doctrinal, and social context for the use of and resistance to intellectual property.

Prerequisite(s): LAW 7369 (may be taken concurrently) with a minimum grade of MP or LAW 7369 (may be taken concurrently) with a minimum grade of MP or LAW 7501 (may be taken concurrently) with a minimum grade of MP or LAW 7501 (may be taken concurrently) with a minimum grade of MP or LAW 7590 (may be taken concurrently) with a minimum grade of MP or LAW 7590 (may be taken concurrently) with a minimum grade of MP or LAW 7638 (may be taken concurrently) with a minimum grade of MP or LAW 7638 (may be taken concurrently) with a minimum grade of MP or LAW 7633 (may be taken concurrently) with a minimum grade of MP or LAW 7633 (may be taken concurrently) with a minimum grade of MP

LAW 7701. Strategies for Bar Success: Advanced Skills. (2 Hours)

Continues students’ bar exam preparation by focusing on contextualized substantive review of the most heavily tested topics on the bar exam. Overlays advanced skill instruction on reading comprehension, issue identification, rule mastery, critical thinking, legal analysis, and recognition of distractor skills. Offers students an opportunity to gain a conceptual understanding and in-depth knowledge of highly tested doctrines across multistate bar exam subjects and to develop, use, and apply a flexible but strong analytical framework to solve bar exam problems. Graded on a credit/fail basis.

Prerequisite(s): LAW 7652 with a minimum grade of CR

LAW 7702. Crimmigration Law: The Intersection of Criminal Law and Immigration Law. (3 Hours)

Introduces students to the intersection of immigration law and criminal law, including the immigration consequences of criminal activity, the criminal consequences of immigration law violations, and the doctrine governing immigration detention. Offers students an opportunity to obtain the skills necessary to advise noncitizen criminal defendants regarding the immigration consequences of plea agreements and to advise noncitizens with prior involvement in the criminal justice system regarding immigration law matters.

LAW 7703. Spatial Justice, Legal Ethnography, and the Lawscape. (2 Hours)

Examines the intersections of law, space, and society through the lenses of spatial justice and legal ethnography. Explores foundational and contemporary theories addressing how legal frameworks interact with spatial arrangements, social institutions, and power dynamics. Topics include the socio-spatial dialectic, the "lawscape," intersectionality, reparative spatial futures, and participatory and ethnographic research methods. Incorporates site-based inquiry and socio-legal research practices that connect theoretical frameworks to lived environments. Offers students an opportunity to critically analyze spatial inequities in areas such as housing, environmental justice, and urban governance and to consider how legal systems both shape and respond to spatial injustice. Uses written presentations, oral presentations, and visual forms of analysis to explore the relationship between law and spatial experience.

LAW 7704. Family Violence Immigration Practicum. (6 Hours)

Covers representation to family violence survivors in their immigration matters. Cases might involve but are not limited to SIJS, U visa, T visa, and VAWA applications. Offers students an opportunity to engage in holistic, client-centered representation and to gain experience and training in a variety of legal skills, particularly emphasizing trauma-informed interviewing and counseling, litigation before courts and administrative bodies, cross-cultural competency, and self-care.

Prerequisite(s): LAW 7336 (may be taken concurrently) with a minimum grade of MP or LAW 7336 (may be taken concurrently) with a minimum grade of MP or LAW 7550 (may be taken concurrently) with a minimum grade of MP or LAW 7550 (may be taken concurrently) with a minimum grade of MP

LAW 7706. State Constitutions and the Protection of Individual Rights. (3 Hours)

Introduces the unique role that state constitutions play in our federal system. Surveys the historical development of state constitutions and the connections between state constitutions and national constitutional developments. Emphasizes the role of state constitutions in protecting individual rights.

Prerequisite(s): LAW 6101 (may be taken concurrently) with a minimum grade of MP or LAW 6101 (may be taken concurrently) with a minimum grade of MP or LAW 6314 (may be taken concurrently) with a minimum grade of MP or LAW 6314 (may be taken concurrently) with a minimum grade of MP

LAW 7707. Virtual Legal Advocacy Clinic. (4 Hours)

Focuses on developing advocacy and representation skills in a practice environment that uses virtual platforms. Students obtain hands-on experience conducting legal research, investigations, interviews, analysis, document drafting, and counseling under the supervision of clinical faculty and staff. Offers students an opportunity to enhance substantive legal knowledge, strengthen practical lawyering skills, and form ethical professional identities.

LAW 7708. Liberation Lawyering. (3 Hours)

Explores movement lawyering (understood as lawyering in support of left social movements) through case studies and perspectives of grassroots social movements, critical theory and radical traditions, and community lawyering. Topics include the changing nature of liberatory movements today, roles and responsibilities of movement lawyers, and legal mechanisms used to support both resistance and worldmaking movements.

LAW 7928. LSSC Lawyering Fellow Seminar. (1 Hour)

Offers additional support and training for students serving as Lawyering Fellows for the social justice component of the Legal Skills in Social Context class for first-year law students. Explores social justice topics covered in LSSC in greater depth. Offers students an opportunity to obtain training in the skills necessary to facilitate discussions of those topics. Examines theories of effective collaboration and group development and introduces techniques for fostering successful team dynamics. Provides guidance on how to engage in effective critique and feedback and how to supervise students in their project work.

Corequisite(s): LAW 7931

LAW 7929. Moot Courts and Legal Competitions. (1-3 Hours)

Offers students an opportunity to participate in professional skills competitions such as moot court, mock trial, mediation, client counseling, and writing competitions. Requires students to complete a written submission; participate in practice argument rounds, if applicable; and attend and participate in the competition. May be repeated up to five times for up to 6 total credits.

LAW 7931. Legal Skills in Social Context: Lawyering Fellow. (3 Hours)

Assists lawyering fellows in all aspects of this first-year legal skills course. Working closely with a supervising faculty member, lawyering fellows critique and offer feedback on first-year students’ written and oral work, create legal research plans, identify areas for field research, communicate with representatives from the partner organizations, and help to foster strong team dynamics and development. May be repeated once.

LAW 7933. Scholarly Legal Writing. (2 Hours)

Introduces basic concepts and principles of scholarly legal writing. Requires students to produce a piece of legal writing on a complex legal issue of their choice. The scholarly writing is expected to meet the standards of the upper-level rigorous writing requirement and be of publishable quality, analyzing an original legal issue.

LAW 7934. Law Review - Senior Editor. (0.5,1 Hours)

Offers those who have completed one term of staff work as associate editor or who have otherwise been promoted at the discretion of the editorial board the position of senior editor at the Northeastern University Law Review. Senior editors work under the supervision of faculty advisors and editorial board members in support of the mission of the Law Review: to publish legal scholarship in its flagship print journal and online platforms. Tasks may include citation checking, editing, supervision of associate editors, assistance with the writing competition and new member selection, and other duties in support of publishing content. Students may take up to 1 credit in each of their second-year and third-year terms with permission of the instructor. Graded on a credit/fail basis. May be repeated three times for a maximum of two semester hours.

LAW 7935. Law Review─Editorial Board Member. (1,2 Hours)

Offers editorial board members of the Northeastern University Law Review an opportunity to work under supervision of the faculty advisors and executive editors to develop articles and content, facilitate events and the publication process, and work with staff and senior staff. Individual position descriptions define additional specific responsibilities for each position. This course is graded on a credit/fail basis. May be repeated two times for a maximum of 3 semester hours.

LAW 7936. Law Review─Executive Editor. (1-3 Hours)

Offers executive editors of the Northeastern University Law Review an opportunity to work under supervision of the faculty advisors to manage operations, production, and staff; make editorial choices; and ensure ethical operation that meets legal and financial obligations. Though their specific roles require different actions, as defined in their position descriptions, executive editors often share work and are ultimately responsible for doing what is necessary to ensure a successful Law Review. This course is graded on a credit/fail basis. May be repeated two times for a maximum of 5 semester hours.

LAW 7937. Teaching Assistant. (1-2 Hours)

Offers upper-level students in good academic standing an opportunity to serve as a teaching assistant for first-year or upper-level courses. Teaching assistants work under the direct supervision of a full-time faculty member and may be required to attend classes and complete all reading assignments. Other responsibilities may include, but are not limited to, conducting review sessions, classroom exercises, or other forms of direct instruction; holding office hours or meetings with individual students taking the course; and assisting in the development of course materials and assessments. Teaching assistants are expected to meet regularly with the professor. May be repeated once for a maximum of two hours.

LAW 7938. Research Assistant. (1-2 Hours)

Offers upper-level students in good standing an opportunity to serve as a faculty research assistant. Students work with a full-time faculty member on a supervised project relating to the faculty member's teaching or scholarly activities. Offers supervised research and/or writing experience as well as an opportunity to engage in analytical discourse with the faculty member. May be repeated once for a maximum of 2 credit hours in total.

LAW 7940. Reflections on Lawyering. (1 Hour)

Offers students an opportunity to reflect on their legal work experiences. Examines the roles of lawyers and the nature of legal work, drawing on assigned readings, lectures, and students' own experiences. Discusses the professional obligations of lawyers and identifies skills and knowledge needed for effective lawyering. Considers both how students' own legal careers may develop over time and how the legal profession itself may evolve.

Corequisite(s): LAW 7941

LAW 7941. Field Placement (350 hours). (7 Hours)

Provides a field placement of at least 350 hours under the supervision of an attorney. Fieldwork may assist students in expanding both their legal knowledge and their understanding of the legal profession. Offers students an opportunity to develop their skills related to research and writing on legal and policy matters, preparation of written and oral presentations, client interviewing and advocacy, and/or litigation preparation.

Corequisite(s): LAW 7940

LAW 7945. Field Placement Seminar. (2 Hours)

Offers students an opportunity for structured reflection on their individual experiences in a field placement. Specific topics may include ethical obligations, the nature of legal work, the social context of the changing legal profession, the role of interdisciplinary insights in legal problem solving, and the use of varying modes of communication in the legal workplace. Students reflect on the ways in which their field placement draws from or builds upon previous coursework and legal experience.

Corequisite(s): LAW 7946

LAW 7946. Field Placement (300 hours). (6 Hours)

Provides a 300-hour field placement under the supervision of an attorney. Fieldwork may assist students in expanding both their legal knowledge and their understanding of the legal profession. Offers students an opportunity to develop their skills related to researching and writing on legal and policy matters, preparation of written and oral presentations, client interviewing and advocacy, and litigation preparation.

Corequisite(s): LAW 7945

LAW 7949. Independent Field Placement. (2-4 Hours)

Offers students fieldwork under the supervision of an attorney. Students have an opportunity to obtain substantial lawyering experience that is reasonably similar to the experience of a lawyer advising or representing a client or engaging in other lawyering tasks. Includes regular reflection on their work with their faculty supervisor. Comprises 50 hours of fieldwork per credit; students may enroll in the field placement for 2, 3, or 4 credits. May be repeated twice for a maximum of 6 credits.

LAW 7954. Co-op Work Experience─Half-Time. (0 Hours)

Offers eligible students an opportunity for work experience. May be repeated once.

LAW 7955. Co-op Work Experience Abroad - Half-Time. (0 Hours)

Offers eligible students an opportunity for work experience abroad. May be repeated once.

LAW 7956. Public Interest and Government Co-op Work Experience - Half-Time. (0 Hours)

Offers eligible students an opportunity for work experience in a public interest or government setting. May be repeated once.

LAW 7957. Public Interest and Government Co-op Work Experience Abroad - Half-Time. (0 Hours)

Offers eligible students and opportunity for work experience in a public interest or government setting abroad. May be repeated once.

LAW 7962. Elective. (1-4 Hours)

Offers elective credit for courses taken at other academic institutions. May be repeated without limit.

LAW 7964. Co-op Work Experience. (0 Hours)

Provides eligible students with an opportunity for work experience. May be repeated twice.

LAW 7965. Co-op Work Experience Abroad. (0 Hours)

Offers eligible students an opportunity for work experience abroad. May be repeated twice.

LAW 7966. Public Interest and Government Co-op Work Experience. (0 Hours)

Offers eligible students an opportunity for work experience in a public interest or government setting. May be repeated twice.

LAW 7967. Public Interest and Government Co-op Work Experience Abroad. (0 Hours)

Offers eligible students an opportunity for work experience in a public interest or government setting abroad. May be repeated twice.

LAW 7976. Directed Study. (1-6 Hours)

Offers independent work under the direction of members of the department on a chosen topic. Course content depends on instructor. May be repeated up to five times for a maximum of 6 credit hours.

LAW 7983. Special Topics in Law. (1-8 Hours)

Covers special topics in law. May be repeated up to nine times for a maximum of 30 semester hours.